A Detailed Review on Traditionally used and potent sources showing Anti-pyretic action

 

Dr. Pranay Wal¹, Nikita Saraswat²*, Rashmi Saxena Pal³, Ankita Wal⁴, Sonali Dubey⁵

^1,3Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, PSIT, Kanpur

²Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, PSIT, Kanpur

⁴Research Assistant, Department of Pharmacy, PSIT, Kanpur

 

ABSTRACT:

Using herbal sources for treatment has gained popularity in recent years as the synthetic drugs have reported huge number of adverse reactions. People across the globe are consuming the traditional medications for relief and treatment. Even some population of the developing countries was facing problem to afford the synthetic drugs or medicines and therefore, totally depend on the traditional source of medicine, especially the origin part for maintaining the need of primary health care. As synthetic drugs target the symptoms which are caused by specific diseases whereas herbal source does not generally involved drug action or drug effects and also act gently. Many herbal sources were used to treat pyrexia and have been confirmed scientifically. In this paper we have collected information about all the potential sources for treating pyrexia the information collected from Pubmed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Wiley. The paper further discusses the serious adverse reaction reported by synthetic drugs and their associated complication. So, this review paper focuses on traditionally used medicine like tulsi, neem, ginger, giloy, black pepper, amla, cinchona, milk thistle, sadodi, and bakain. It would further suggestion to perform by isolating an individual active constituent or by preparing herbal formulation using multiple antipyretic drugs to produce a synergistic effect or produce an efficient medicine (herbal) for curing pyrexia.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Pyrexia is a condition in which elevation of the body temperature occurs in comparison to normal body temperature i.e 98.6 F or 37⁰C. Pyrexia is most commonly known as "FEVER". Febrile response (pyrexia) is a clinical implication of disease in the body of the host. Pyrexia generally occurs in response to some types of infection, inflammation or injury. [1] Pyrexia is an outcome of a complex interchange of neuroendocrine, autonomic and physiological feedback which synchronize by the Hypothalamus that leads to a diversification of physiological disturbance, the most probable of which is rising in the body temperature. [2]

 

An increase in body temperature is due to the concentration of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increase inside the areas of the brain. These may alter the rate of neurons that restraint Thermoregulation in the Hypothalamus (Figure.1). However, Pyrexia aid to the nonspecific immune response conquer microorganisms and it also observed as an origin of uneasiness and can be usually overcome by antipyretic medication. [3]

 

Antipyretic:

An antipyretic is an agent which brings the body temperature or reduced to its normal temperature i. e 37⁰C. The vital action of Antipyretics rests in their capacity to prevent the enzymes Cyclooxygenase (COX) and blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins. Currently, studies on the mechanism of antipyretic action of the drugs though, divulge effects independent of cyclooxygenase inhibition as well. [3]

 

Figure. 1: A Flow chart explaining Pathways and intermediates leading to the condition of Pyrexia [4]

 

Herbal Source:

In the United State of America, all most about 8% of Hospital admissions was due to the adverse effect and side effect of synthetic medicine. Due to this adverse and side effect, approx 100,000 people were dying in each year. Because of this, people every year turn to herbal source as they believe medicinal plants or herbal source are free from undesirable side effect. The mechanism by which the herbal source work was not established. Most of the plants have antioxidant activity. These activities of herbal source also show an effect in reducing the toxicities of other drugs. The synthetic drugs act on symptoms which are caused by specific disease and Herbal as medicine usually helps in the body's own curing process. [5]

Conventionally, drugs that are accessible in the market are Non-steroids Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) or synthetic drugs. However, excessive consumption of synthetic drugs may cause a detrimental effect on the body. Among the influence of synthetic drugs may result in gastrointestinal bleeding, indigestion, perforated ulcer and many more. [6] The common uses of synthetic drugs are Paracetamol (PCM) which is a potent Antipyretic Agent and commonly used in the current system of medication. If PCM will take in excess amount, it will be damaged to the liver. [7]

 

Some other major Antipyretic Agents with their side effects are given in Table no. 1:

 

Table no. 1: Major side effect produce by Antipyretic Agent by Antipyretic Agent

S. No.	Antipyretic Agent	Side effect
1.	Paracetamol/Acetaminophen	·       Constant Application may result:        Disorder of Renal Function.        High Blood Pressure. ·       Hepatotoxicity: In the case of overuse, causes Hepatic Failure. [8]
2.	Ibuprofen	·       The vital adverse reaction includes the action on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), Coagulation and Kidney. ·       Some other effects are rashes, Headache, Dizziness, Edema, etc. [9]
3.	Aspirin	·       The regular aspirin user had a remarkably higher risk of having or developing Gastrointestinal Bleeding. [10]
4.	Piroxicam	·       Gastrointestinal Effect: Peptic Ulcer. ·       Other Effect: Headache, Dizziness, Drowsiness, Skin rash, Edema, Pruritus and Vertigo. [11]
5.	Indomethacin	·       Cardiovascular: Congestive Heart Failure, tachycardia, chest pain. ·       Gastrointestinal: Nausea, Dyspepsia, Diarrhea ·       Renal and Electrolyte: Hematuria, Proteinuria ·       Hepatic: Hepatitis and Jaundice ·       Nervous System: Headache, Insomnia, Anxiety. [12]

 

Herbal Source Used as Antipyretic:

The ministration of various diseases with herbal sources has been found a broad application in the area of Pharmaceutical system. Phytotherapy (used of plants or its extract for medical purposes) has been exercised for years all over the world. [13] In consonance to the World Health Organization (WHO) apropos of 4000 million people in the growing nation believe in the effectiveness of herbal remedies and using them frequently, while present medicine is accessible in many countries. Herbal source medication continually maintained valuable because of their historical and ancient culture reasons [14] or it has a relevant part of an antiquated culture in countries, example- Egypt, China, India, etc. [13] Formerly, Herbal sources used as a medicine as an antipyretic agent by most of the world Population. [15] The herbal source that used as antipyretic agent are given in the figure 1.

 

Figure 1: Different types of traditional herbal sources used in Pyrexia

 

Ethnomedicinal plants with Antipyretic Action:

Tulsi:

Ocimum sanctum L. (Labiatae) commonly known as “Tulsi” or “Holy Basil”.[16] Tulsi is one of the holiest and most cherished of the many relieve and healthy giving an herbal source. Tulsi contains Vitamin C, Vitamin A and some minerals like Iron, Zinc, Calcium, including Chlorophyll and other phytonutrients. [17] The Leaf of Tulsi volatile oil which contains ursolic acid, eugenol, eugenal, Limatrol, Linalool, Carvacrol, and seed volatile oil which have sitosterol and fatty acid. [17]

 

The method was explained by Koboyashi and Takagi (1968) [16,18]. The studies examined on albino rats either sex (80-150g). These animals were being divided into 6-8 groups. Group I received only typhoid-paratyphoid A/B vaccine and served as control. Group II-IV received methanol extract by orally [18] or fixed oil through intraperitoneal [16] with a vaccine. Group V-VIII received an aqueous suspension and one group served as standard i.e Sodium salicylate for methanol extract and aspirin for fixed oil. Rectal temperature was taken down with thermometer 60sec before administration of drugs and vaccine and hourly after that for 4 hours. The antipyretic action of methanol extract was weaker and shorter duration than Sodium Salicylate. Whereas, the antipyretic activity of fixed oil was been similar to aspirin, at a dose of 3.0ml/kg. [16,18]

 

Neem:

Azadirachta Indica is also known as “Neem" (evergreen tree). In ancient time, it has been used by Indian People for the treatment of various diseases as it has medicinal properties. Nimbidin, Nimbinin, and Azadirachtin are the active components of neem [19].

 

The leaf and Bark extract have a mildly antipyretic effect (Okpanyi and Ezeukwu, 1981) [19]. The study was carried out in Wistar albino rats (130-150 g). Pyrexia was been induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of an aqueous suspension of Brewer's Yeast at a rate of 1ml/100 mg body weight. After 10 hours. Rectal temperature was measured. The rats which showed increased temperature were only used in the experiment. Standard paracetamol or vehicle control and ethanol extract have been administered orally. The temperature was measured hourly after drug administration. The A. Indica extract at a dose level of 500mg/kg that is almost comparable to standard drug paracetamol. [20,21]

 

Ginger:

Azadirachta Indica Roscoe which may also be called ginger and widely used in foods as an important ingredient in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. Ginger has been involved in the treatment of Catarrh, nervous disease, asthma, constipation, etc. 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol which shows the number of pharmacological activities including antipyretic, antitussive and analgesic effects. [22]

 

The test animal has injected the suspension of yeast subcutaneously then the pyrexia rats were been used in the experiments. After 15 hours of yeast injection, the rectal temperature was recorded. Immediately after the 15-hour examination, both the acetylsalicylic acid (standard drug) and plant extract were been administered orally.[23] The rectal temperature of rats (200-250 g) was been measured 2 hours before administration up to 4 hours after administration of drugs. The plant extract was reduced fever in rats at the same dose of acetylsalicylic acid. [23,24]

 

Giloy:

Tinospora Cordifoliaalso called Guduchi. It has been used in the local system since the Vedic period. In Ayurvedic, Guduchi is renowned the therapeutics for its usefulness in pyrexia treatment.[25] Guduchi is used in various Ayurvedic system of medicine for its anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and many more properties.[26]

 

Wistar strain albino rats (140-160g) of either sex were used in the method. The animals were divided into groups of seven. Most often employed a method to induce pyrexia involves the injection of brewer's yeast in rats/rabbits.[25] The chloroform, hexane, and water-soluble extracts of Guduchi also show the antipyretic activity.[27] Water soluble fraction of 95% ethanolic extract of Guduchi also shows antipyretic activity. Group I and Group II are served as yeast control and vehicle control. [25,28] Group III- Group VI Guduchi Ghrita prepared from Plant (both male and female plant) plus yeast injection and Group VII are served as paracetamol (standard drug). The yeast-induced fever, within 9-18 hours. The rectal temperature has been recorded every hour until 12 hours. The Guduchi Ghrita attenuated the increase in temperature after 3 hours of the yeast injection. After 6 hours and 9 hours, the samples of Guduchi reduced the increased temperature in a highly remarkable manner compared to yeast and vehicle control group. [25]

 

Black Pepper:

Piper Nigrum also called Black pipper which is known as “Spices King” because of their pungent quality [29]. P. Nigrum is grown in the tropical and subtropical rain forest. [4] Black pepper has many used such as in medicine, used for preservation, Human dietaries and biocontrol agent [29]. These plants were used in Asian countries for the treatment of diarrhea, cholera, headache, diuretics and also in menstrual pains [4]. The presence of the various compound in black pepper are terpenes, alkaloids, phenolics and flavonoids in which Piperine and piperidine are the active components and is made up of alkaloids including volatile oil, piperanine, and piperettine. [4,30]

 

The albino rats (220-270g) of either sex were used in the study. The division of animals was in 5 groups in which 6 of each. Group I served distilled water and control group. Group II- Group IV served alcoholic extract of P. Nigrum and Group V served paracetamol as standard. The rectal temperature was measured after every 1 hour up to 4 hours. The mean temperature has been compared with the standard. At doses 250 and 500 mg/kg of P. Nigrum will decrease the temperature of the body. [31]

 

Amla:

Emblica Officinalis Gaertn. Also called “Amlaki” in Sanskrit and in English known as “Gooseberry”. [32] Amla widely grown in subtropical and tropical countries like Southeast Asia, India, and Indonesia. In the old time, amla includes in the various treatment of some disorder like Hyperlipidemia, Ophthalmic disease. [33] Amla contains a various chemical compound which includes tannins, alkaloids, flavones, glycoside, carbohydrates, and phenolic acid. The tannins which include pedunculagin, Emblicanin A and B, phyllaemblicin B and Punigluconin present in the extract of fruits. Amla fruits also include many other active compounds like ellagic acid, corilagin, quercetin, isostrictiniin, luteolin, etc. [32,33]

 

The method of yeast induced pyrexia was used in which rats were served as an aqueous suspension of brewer's yeast. The temperature was noted initially and at 18 hours. Ethanol extract and aqueous extract, aspirin (standard) and vehicle control were increased after 18-hour injection of yeast. The temperatures of the body were measured after hour intervals until 3 hours after plant extract administration. Both extracts of ethanol and aqueous were showed the reduction in temperature which is similar to aspirin. [34]

 

Cinchona:

Cinchona Officinalis or may called “Cinchona Bark”, “ Jesuits’ Bark” and “Cardinal Bark”.[36] Cinchona is one of the traditional medicinal plant an important ingredient in the Formulation of Ayurvedic which is used in the treatment of fever and specifically the fever of malaria.[37,38] Cinchona also used as a fever reducer in Brazil, South American used in cancer treatment, in the USA  used as a digestive tonic and in Europe extract of cinchona used as antispasmodic.[37] There are four major active chemical constituents of alkaloids are quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine which also shows an effect in malaria.[36,37,38]

 

The albino rats (2.5-3 kg) were taken and divided into 5 groups. Pyrexia induced by a normal saline suspension of Brewer's yeast which was subcutaneously injected. Rectal temperature was recorded initially and after 18 hours, the increased temperature was recorded. Group I served as vehicle control, Group II- Group IV were received the aqueous extract and Group V served as Standard (aspirin). The extract was reduced the rectal temperature of Pyrexia rats. [36]

 

Milk Thistle:

The medicinal plant like Milk thistle (Silybum Marianum) were used in older times as a natural source for the disease of the liver and biliary tract and also for menstrual. [38] Milk was used as a raw extract from fruits and seeds of Silybum Marianum. It is currently accessible as a mixture of 4 Flavonolignane isomers: Silidianin, Silichristin, Isosilibinin, and Silibinin. The major constituents of Milk Thistle were also known as Silibinin. [38,39]

 

The adult male albino Sprague Dawely rats (80-90g) were used which were divided into 4 groups. The rats have injected 4 doses of Brewer’s Yeast. The temperature was measured initially and after 18 hours. Two doses of Silymarin (positive control) and paracetamol (negative control) as a standard were administered orally. After 1 and 2 hours interval, the temperature was measured. The Silymarin was shown the reducing of the temperature but the paracetamol (standard) was more effective than two doses of Silymarin. [40]

 

Sadodi:

Vernonia Cinerea is a common weed which grown in rainy reason and also known as “Sahadevi”. [41] Sadodi has many therapeutic uses. Different parts of Vernonia cinerea plants have different therapeutic value. A plant used in worms, pain, abortion, infection and other various gastrointestinal disorders. [42]

 

The five group of rats in which 6 rats in each group. After measurement of initial temperature, yeast suspension was given subcutaneously. At 19 hour, after yeast injection, the one group received Carboxymethylcellulose (control group) the group 2, 3, and 4 were served as methanol extract and group 5 were received the standard that is paracetamol. The temperature of rats was measured initially and at every 1-hour interval for 5 hours after administration of carboxymethylcellulose orally. [4,42]

 

Bakain:

Melia azedarach is one of a useful medicinal plant just like Azadirachtaindica(Neem).[43] Bakain also a large evergreen tree which is widely distributed all over the world, especially in tropical and subtropical countries.[4,44] Bakain includes in the treatment of skin disease, nausea, stomach ache, vomiting, wounds, asthma, etc. [43] Chemical constituents of seed including- vanillin, vanillic acid, scopoletin, benzoic acid, melianol meliacin, meliacarpin. [44] Melia azedarach leaf including campesterol, tocopherol, kampherol, stigmasterol, squalene, phytol, and 1-eicosanol. [43]

 

The rabbit of either sex (1000-2000g) was divided into a group of four in which 6 rabbits in each group. The rectal temperature has been measured before the administration of yeast suspension. After 18 hours, increased temperatures of rabbit were selected. Group 1 was served distilled water (negative control) Group 4 were served paracetamol as standard (positive control). The hydro-methanol extract was administered to group 2 and group 3 respectively. The temperature was noted at an interval of 1 hour and up to 6 hours.[43] The extract of Melia azedarach was possessed significantly an antipyretic effect which was similar to that of standard drug that is paracetamol. [4,43]

 

Table 2: Examples of Herbal Source as Antipyretic agents

S. No	Herbal Source	Biological Source	Family	Domain	Part of a plant that used	Extract	Dose
1.	Tulsi	Ocimum Sanctum Linn.	Labiatae	India	Leaves	Methanol, Fixed oil	250 mg/kg
2.	Neem	Azadirachta Indica	Meliaceae	North India	Leaves	Ethanol	500mg/kg
3.	Ginger	Zinger Officinal	Zingiberaceae	India	Roots	Shogaol, Gingerol	140mg/kg
4.	Giloy	TinosporaCordifolia	Menispermaceae	India	Shrub	Ethanol, hexane, Chloroform, and water soluble	250-500 mg/kg
5.	Black Pepper	Piper Nigrum L.	Piperaceae	Western India	Fruits	Alcoholic Extract	250-500mg/kg
6.	Amla	Emblica Officinalis	Euphorbiaceae	India	Fruits	Ethanol and Aqueous Extract	500mg/kg
7.	Cinchona	Cinchona Officinalis	Rubiaceae	India	Bark	Alkaloids	100-400mg/kg
8.	Milk Thistle	SilybumMarianum L. Gaertn.	Asteraceae	Australia, New Zealand, Iran	Seed and Fruits	Silidianin	50-100mg/kg
9.	Sadodi	Vernonia cinerea L.	Compositae	India	Leaves	Methanol Extract	250-500 mg/kg
10.	Bakain	Melia azedarach L.	Meliacease	India	Leaves	Hydro-methanol Extract	500 mg/kg

 

Conclusion and future Prospects:

The side and adverse effect of synthetic drugs, people are now turning to the herbal source as medicine which has no side or adverse effect. An herbal source has many useful properties like an antioxidant. The herbal source was continued to maintain its importance because of its ancient culture. As in pyrexia/fever, the herbal source use as an antipyretic agent. Some of its active components from an herbal source which work as an antipyretic agent like from tulsi the antipyretic activity of fixed oil was been similar to aspirin, an ethanol extract from neem was been compared to paracetamol. The antipyretic activity of the extract of ginger was similar as acetylsalicylic acid, giloy, black pepper, sadodi, and bakain also reduce the increased temperature as compared to that if its standard drugs aspirin or paracetamol. In this paper we have cover traditionally used drug for treating of pyrexia. So, we suggest future search must involove in the isolation of active constituents from this herbal drugs.

 

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Received on 17.04.2019           Modified on 23.05.2019

Accepted on 28.06.2019         © RJPT All right reserved